Thursday, October 24, 2013

Bog Bodies

Author: Angela Murphy


Image by Sterlingy 2013 on Deviant Art
When someone thinks of mummies they picture the typical movie stereotype of a bandaged up corpse that usually can come back to life in order to finish what they started. Now while the resurrection part may be very much a myth, throughout history this was how mummies where buried, until bog bodies were discovered. Bog bodies is a term commonly used to classify the hundreds of human remains from northwestern Europe that date to the Iron Age (ca. 500 B.C.-A.D. 100). (Lobell, Samir) These bodies, unlike the process of mummification,  could be discovered preserved almost completely intact depending on their burial location. Their organs all still inside of their body, which is the opposite of how traditional mummies where buried. The process of bog bodies includes someone killed and then immediately put into a peat bog. These bog bodies are an incredible discovery, in which some bodies date back as far as being preserved as long as eight thousand years.
            "In 1979, the archaeologist Christian Fischer interpreted the bog bodies as offerings to the god or gods that may have felt aggrieved by the activities of mankind (digging for turf or bog iron ore) in the bog." (Randsborg 116) In several different findings from scientists all around the world, many claim to think that there was several different reasons based on the time period why these people where basically incased into a bog body. Some say as a punishment for a crime that the person made, and others go as far to claim that it was for sacrifice to please the gods. Clearly, as depicted in the words of Christian Fischer, he was one to believe that these bog bodies where a result to try to ease the gods anger. Others even say that it was out of the clear boredom and barbarianism of an ancient society, when speaking in terms of bog bodies predating back to the stone ages. As for finding out the real reasons, research is still continuing to find out more about the motives behind the actions of those who par-took in the process of a bog body.
            The only thing that anthropologists can go by when it comes to learning more information on bog bodies is the research they do on their findings. Their famous findings come mostly from bog bodies that where preserved astonishingly well for their age. One example is Tollund Man, a Danish bog that was found two thousand and three hundred years after he was supposedly sacrificed. "The man--or what was left of him--emerged from the Irish sod one winter day in 2003, his hair still styled the way he wore it during his last moments alive. The back was cropped short; the top, eight inches long, rose in a pompadour, stiffened with pine resin." (Lange 80) Despite many theories, once modern technology came around, researchers discovered that when they thought that these bog bodies had been tortured and beaten throughout their life, it was the toll that the bog took on their body after their death. The bog made the body seem as if it was mangled and constantly put under physical damage. "In Denmark, a team of forensic investigators including Niels Lynnerup of the University of Copenhagen has reexamined that country's bog bodies and found that some of the damage once interpreted as torture or mutilation was actually inflicted centuries after death." (Lange 81)
            Among one of the oldest bog bodies emerged when discovered in 1987 and took the leading role for attention in most anthropologists eyes. "Yde" -- pronounced "ee-duh" -- has grown to be one of the most familiar of the seven bog bodies in the display because of a facial reconstruction that presents the image of a young, blue-eyed girl with shoulder-length blond hair." (Karlovits) This two thousand year old bog body seemed to be able to make a strange undeniable connection with some researchers that where studying her. Studying these amazingly preserved bog bodies is crucial if the world wants to be more knowledgeable on our ancestors cultures. If these bog bodies where never discovered, quite a few things would be unanswered in our world. Our scientists discover and unearth new things every day, who knows what they might find tomorrow.

Works Cited: 
Karlovits, Bob. "Bogs Reveal Bigger Story." Pittsburg Tribune-Review (PA) (2005) Newsbank. Web. 12 October 2013.
Lange, Karen E. "Tales from the Bog." National Geographic 212.3 (2007): pg 80-93. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 October 2013.
Lobell, Jarrett A. Patel, Samir S. "Bog Bodies Rediscovered. (cover story)." Archaeology. 63. 3 (2010): p22-29. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 October 2013.
Randsborg, Klavs. "The Bog Bodies as Social Outcasts." Acta Archaeologica 81:1 (2010): pg116. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 October 2013.
Sterlingy. Bog Body Illustration. 2012-2013. deviantart.com.Web. 17 Oct. 2013

Links for Further Research:
PBS; Ancient bog bodies in the iron age
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bog-bodies-iron-age.html
This site gives basic information on bog bodies, for some parts may seem confusing.

National Geographic; Bog Bodies
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/09/bog-bodies/clark-photography
This site shows multiple pictures that can mentally give examples as to how bog bodies look like.

Live Science; Oldest 'bog body' found with skin still intact
http://www.livescience.com/38983-irish-bog-body.html

This link goes to an article that talks about a recently found four thousand year old bog body that still has its skin intact.

Hill Of Crosses Lithuania

Author: Katie Brown
Photo of the hill from Sacred Sites

“The Hill of crosses is located in Northern Lithuania, and has been a site for pilgrimage for a very long time” (Daily mail Reporter). People from all over bring crosses and rosaries to this site in order to honor their loved ones. When the families lost their loved ones and didn’t have their body for account, they would take crosses and leave them on the hill in their remembrance. All different kinds of crosses are placed here. Wooden, metal, big, and small crosses are left by many people in grieving the loss of their loved ones (Simone Preuss). “When the Russians gained power over Lithuania, during the soviet period, religion was forbidden” (Daily Mail Reporter). The Hill was burnt down twice during this period, but pilgrims consistently would return to start filling up the hill with crosses again. Today the site has different reasons for visitors. Many people visit it as just a tourist spot. It is a very popular site to see in Lithuania. Some of the most respectable people have visited the Hill of Crosses, such as Pope Jon Paul. Others come to pray and use it as a place to connect with God. It is tradition for every person who visits this site to leave a cross. This is how it continues to keep growing. Today there are over 100,000 crosses on this HILL. Tradition will carry on in placing crosses here because it traces back to the Pilgrims of Lithuania, and their history.

Works Cited: 
Daily Mail Reporter. "Mysterious Hill of Crosses Where Pilgrims Actually Believe Christ Can Perform Miracles ." Mail Online. Mail Online, 15 Oct. 2013.
Preuss, Simone. "Lithuania's Haunting Hill of Crosses." Lithuania's Haunting Hill of Crosses. 15 Oct. 2013.
Image from Wikimedia Commons

LINKS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

This site goes into further detail on the meaning behind this hill.

This site shows what a famous place this hill is, and how important it is in Lithuania.


This site goes into detail on the religious meaning to the Hill of Crosses.

New Light on the Nazca Lines

Author: KaNeka Butler

Photo from Two Crows Paranormal
It has been researched that the first drawings of Nazca Lines were drawn and created between 2,100 and 1,300 years ago in the Peruvian Desert (Science Daily). Dr. Clive Ruggles has been investigating these lines for five years. These lines were drawn by the Nasca people between the years of 100 BC and AD 700 (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121210101450.htm .

You asked what are Nazca Lines? Nazca Lines are lines that have been drawn in the Peruvian Desert that has a spiritual meaning behind each drawing and creation. Wherever these lines are, no one farms in that area. The nature of the soil itself is made up of clay and gypsum. Humid makes the stones sink deeper. During the day, the sun hardens the surface, leaving stones more securely in the soil. Even hard and strong wind can’t move these stones. Thats why lines are still visible after 2000 years (http://www.awesomstories.com/flicks/indiana-jones/nazca-lines-and-skulls)

Facts About Nazca Lines:
When flying over the Enigma, you see the different shapes that have been created. Hundreds of individuals figure ranges in complexity from simple lines to stylized creatures. Some of these creatures vary from hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, sharks and fish. (http://www.beforeitsnews.com/beyond-science/2013/08/nazca-lines-flying-over-the-enigma-2443130.html


            this video is taking the audience on a journey through the Peruvian Desert. While on this journey, viewers will see the amazing visuals of Nazca Lines and the feeling it brings to know such wonderful humans had this amazing talent. It is breathtaking.



Works Cited

Ruggles, Clives. "Ancient Drawings in Peruvian Desert: New Light in the Nazca Lines." Science Daily. N.p., n.d. Web. 2012 Dec. 19 Oct 2013.

"Indiana Jones 4- crystal skull." Awesome Stories. N.p.. Web. 19 Oct 2013

 Youtube. N.p.. Web. 19 Oct 2013.



Links for further information:

            This website describes how scientists and archeologists view nazca lines.

            This website is a web page based on a museum that displays visuals of the lines from numerous trips.

            This web page is basically a dictionary of the words and phrases used by the Nazca people to describe their creations.

The Georgia Guidestones

Author: Patrick Lowder

Photo by  E. Tak Nar found on Wikimedia Commons

In the quiet town of Elbert County, Georgia, owns its very own unique monument called the Georgia Guidestones. The Georgia Guidestones is an interesting granite structure with ten guidelines so to speak. The Guidestones are not just in English but also in seven other languages as well. The creator of this masterpiece is a man who goes by Robert C. Christian. He created the guidestones in June of 1979. Robert said he represented “a small group of loyal Americans” (Schneider). Just due west of the Guidestones lies a tablet explaining what each of the ten guidelines mean.

 In the article “A Monument’s Mysteries Include Whether It Can Draw Tourist” from The New York Times it was reported that Mr. Clamp, who has long volunteered to maintain the oft-defaced structure, urged county officials this month to lease him the land where the Guidestones stand so he can mount a campaign to attract more visitors to this area near the South Carolina border (Blinder). The Guidestones have potential to become an actual tourist attraction in Georgia. 

Works Cited:
Blinder, Alan. “A Monument’s Mysteries Include Whether It Can Draw Tourist.” The New York Times 17 Sep. 2013: A1. NewsBank Web. 9 Oct. 2013.
Nar, E Tak. “Georgia Guidestones.” Photograph. Wikimedia Commons.  Wikimedia Foundation, 16 May, 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2013
Neimark, Jill. “Georgia’s Own Doomsday Stonehenge Monument.” Discover 9 Sep. 2013 Web. 14 Oct. 2013.

Links for further research:
The New York Times
This website has articles concerning the Georgia Guidestones.
YouTube
This website has videos explaining and showing the Georgia Guidestones.
Discover Magazine
Contains information can be found on this website.

Wednesday, October 23, 2013

Mystery of Stull: Is It Real or Not?

Author: Brianni Foxworth
Image from Ghost Hauntings
           
There are no more than twenty residents in the town of Stull. The cemetery located there is said to be a ground where the devil and his followers join to hold court.  In the small town of Stull Kansas, it is said to hold one of the seven gates of hell. Freaky, yes; the legend is the devil himself comes out on the night of Spring Equinox and on Halloween night. There are also rumors that say  “...glass will not break if  you throw it against the stones of the church,” (Faircloth). They also say, not only is the devil being seen in the cemetery, it is other spirits in the cemetery that have died in horrific ways. In the  1800s there is said to have been a practice of black magic, and other demonic rituals. There used to be a church that sat beside the cemetery; it mysteriously burned to the ground. It is said that if it rains, the rain will never touch the spot where the church was once held. The residents of Stull, say all of the legends are just rumors (Taylor).
           
The people that believe this is indeed true about Stull cemetery are the ones who have encountered strange activities here. After the story of the devil being seen in the cemetery over a hundred people came from all over to witness the devil for themselves. Another rumor that was going around about the cemetery is that all of the bodies that have been buried in the cemetery, the ones who have died a horrific death come out also. All of the people that showed up on the two nights the devil would appear were sadly disappointed because there were not sights of the devil that night. The stories about the hauntings on Stull did not stop because of this( Taylor).      
           
Now after all of the disappointment of not seeing the devil, more people came out and told their encounter with strange events that they claimed to have went on while they were visiting. Years after the first gather of witnessing the devil and his worshipers, two college students went to visit the cemetery and came back and told their encounter of the spirits in Stull. “ ...two young men were visiting Stull Cemetery  one night, and became frightened when a strong wind began blowing out of nowhere. They ran back to their car, only  to find that the vehicle had been moved to the other side of the highway, and was now facing in the opposite direction” (Taylor).

There are  more encounters that people have had and you can go to
http://www.prairieghosts.com/stull.html read more about this cemetery. in the end there are two opinions about Stull Kansas, some say it is haunted and it is in fact one of the seven gates to hell. Then there are those who live in Stull, and they say it is nothing supernatural there. Stull Cemetery is it real or not?

Works Cited
Faircloth, Cynthia. “The devil and Stull Kansas” Darkendofthestreet.net.2011.Web. 10 October, 2013
 Taylor, Troy. “ STULL CEMETERY - GATEWAY TO HELL?” Prairieghost.com. 2002. Web. 10 October 
2013.

“The Legend of Stull, Kansas” Ghosthaunting.org. 2013.Web.10 October,2013



links for further research:
http://www.prairieghosts.com/stull.html You will be able to get more information on the legend of the cemetery and more background information of Stull, Kansas.

http://www.ghosthauntings.org/Stull__Kansas.html This is another article on the legend, but it give more detailed stories.


http://darkendofthestreet.net/author/degravelle/ This is an opinion article on the legend of Stull Cemetery.

The Gray Man of Pawley’s Island

Author: Randall Sullivan


Image from hauntedlowcountry.com

The
gray man of Pawley’s Island in South Carolina has hiked the shoreline for nearly 200 years. In addition, a lot like the Gray man of Hatteras, his existence predicts approaching jeopardy for the tiny island and the community that reside there. It appears that although he is accountable for saving people’s lives, he was incapable of saving his own life. There are few stories concerning the origin of the Gray Man. One of the stories illustrate that, in 1822, a youthful woman was living on the island with her relatives. One day she received information that her fiancée was going to unite her on the island subsequent to going to see his relatives.

Overjoyed with the message, she told the servants to cook all his preferred dishes and embellish the house in expectation for his coming. A time came for him to turn up, but no one showed. She waited for her fiancée for hours and only the fiancées servant visited with heartbreaking news.

As
the two were roving down the path, her fiancée was in tremendous spirits and confronted his servant to a contest on their horses. They contested down the strand, and when he spotted a shortcut through a swamp, he determined to take it. Providence got involved and caused his horse to trip up, throwing him off. When he struggled to stand, he found himself
plummeting in quicksand. Regardless of his best attempts, neither he nor his servant was competent to free him, and the man submerged underneath the sand.

The
reports nearly drove the girl crazy. She depleted hours hiking down the Pawley’s Island coastline. One day she was not at home on foot when she noticed a man paying attention over the ocean water. While she got nearer, she sensed that her stomach was tightening. She could not believe what she saw. When she got closer to the man, she was in no doubt that it was her fiancée. All of a sudden, a wave ruptured from the ocean, encompassing him. When the wave diminished, the man was not there. The girl told her relatives of what she had observed. Her family, certainly, thought that losing her fiancée started to take her mentality. That night, she had a terrible nightmare of being in a tiny boat in the ocean hurled by the ocean waves causing wreckage everywhere around her. All that time, her fiancée stood on a sandbank trying to signal her to him. The nightmare really frightened her. Hence, her dad took her and the entire family to Charleston to see a medical doctor.

That
was providential. In hours of their departure, a typhoon smacked the coastline. When it ended, nearly all the residents of the North Inlet died. Becoming conscious that her fiancée had come back to save her from a horrific destiny, the girl returned to her ordinary self. Inhabitants of the Pawley’s Island assert that they still see the Gray Man. In 1954, a grandmother on holiday with her family noticed a man fully clad totally in gray fade to a twist before vanishing. The following day hurricanes shred through the region. One individual attempted to pursue the Gray Man barely to have him vanish before their eyes. Often when people see the Gray Man, the hurricanes leave their homes completely without a scratch whereas it decimates
the nearby homes. For natives who have spotted the Gray Man it is certainly that he came to caution them. 


Works Cited

Clary, Margie. The Gray Man of Pawley’s Island. Orangeburg: Written in Stone. 2004. Print.

            Katie, Harrison. “Haunted Low country: The Gray Man – Pawley’s Island, South Carolina.” Haunted             Lowcountry: Haunted Legends and Ghost Stories from Coastal South Carolina. Lowcountry    Paranormal, 18 June 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2013.
            
Links for Further Research:

The Gray Man
http://themoonlitroad.com/the-gray-man/
Gives a small summary on a famed story of The Gray Man

Pawley’s Islands Ghosts
http://hauntedstories.net/ghost-stories/south-carolina/gray-man-pawleys-island
Gives one of the myths about The Gray Man

Ghost stories
http://southcarolinaghost.tripod.com/GhostStories/id27.html
Gives an example of The Gray Man story


Catacombs of Rome

Author: Denterria Edmond

Not many people actually know what catacombs are, let alone where they exist, and what they are use for, there actual purpose. According to the many sources I have used to conduct this research on this quite strange and unusual topic, catacombs are “underground passages and rooms once used for the burial of the dead” (Duchesne). Catacombs were created because the Romans needed more space for burials. It has been said that catacombs held people who were not following the same religious beliefs that the roman government had set for everyone, which was Christianity. Roman catacombs actually had more uses to them than just burial sites for Christians and Jews. “Besides serving as places of burial, the catacombs were used as hiding places from persecution, as shrines to saints and martyrs, and for funeral feasts” (Adams). So as you can see as the centuries went on catacombs began to expand and become more than just homes for the dead.
:This image shows an actual Christian catacombs and how some of them actually look. 
They were all made differently.
Catacombs vary in size. The largest known and most popular are the catacombs of San Callisto which reaches about 19 kilometers long, in 5 levels high, and goes about 20 meters deep. The catacombs of San Callisto are about 2000 years old and are still being toured daily. The San Castillo catacombs were actually expanded by Callistus the 1st who is also buried in these catacombs. Before Callistus died he was actually a known pope of Rome, that’s how this catacomb became known after him, and because he was the one that actual put a time and effort into expanding it. “The catacombs were expanded to not only include more tombs, but also chapels, meeting areas, dining rooms, and places to sleep” (WorldSiteGuides). This became known as one of the most important catacombs because of the many people known to be buried here. “Over the course of history more than 50 martyrs and 16 popes have been buried here making it one of the most important Christian cemeteries” (WorldSiteGuides).

This video takes you on an actual virtual tour about the catacombs of San Callisto and goes into more depth about the information given above.

Works Cited
"Catacombs." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Credo Reference. Web. 19 October 2013.
"Catacombs." The Classical Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010. Credo Reference. Web. 19 October 2013.
"Catacombs." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013. Credo Reference. Web. 19 October 2013.
WorldSiteGuides. “Catacombs of San Callisto.” Youtube.com. Google. January 18, 2011 .Web. 19 October 2013.

Links for Further Research:
RickSteves. “Roman, Italy: Catacombs and Appian Way.” Youtube.com. Youtube. June 8, 2009. Web. October 2013.
The link above is a video that shows two men going on a tour of the ancient and abandoned catacombs.

Vatican May Yield to Jews Two Catacombs Under Rome. (1977, Apr 06). The Washington Post (1974-Current File). Web.  19 October 2013.
The link above takes you to an article which talks about the Jewish catacombs controlled by the Vatican’s that could possibly be handed over to the Italian government because of its importance to them.

The Catacombs of Rome. (1876, Feb 13). New York Times (1857-1922). Web. 19 October 2013.
The link above talks about how everything pretty much having to do with catacombs and how they began with the Italians.


A Vanishing Hitchhiker; Resurrection Mary

Author: Tatyana Maddox

In Chicago, Illinois during the1930s there was a young woman who had wanted to get pretty and go out and dance. Her name was Mary. She was well dressed in white with blonde hair, she had blue eyes, and her skin was quiet pale.

While she was dancing with her boyfriend, they got into an argument. Mary no longer wanted to be at the dance with him so she storms out. She begins to walk home and is hit by a car. Mary is killed by the accident and the driver of the vehicle leaves the scene instantly. Mary’s parents had been walking along the same street and find her dead body lying in the street. They buried her at Resurrection Cemetery. 
Gate of Resurrection Cemetery
from Graveyards.com

It was said that she now roams the streets where she was murdered at. If searching for Mary’s parents burial records you will find that they’re buried in a cemetery called Resurrection Cemetery but Mary’s records do not show up. It has also been reported that multiple men have picked up a woman in white who has blonde hair, blue eyes and wants to be dropped at a Resurrection Cemetery. She would get into the car and be very quiet. She asks to be dropped off in front of the gates of a cemetery. They have said they seen her disappeared into thin air.

Back in the 1939 Jerry Palus was the 1st reported story about Resurrection Mary. Jerry was at one of his favorite Halls. Where he had went regularly. He had been dancing with a beautiful young woman all night. She asked for a ride home on the same street where Mary goes to be dropped off. He does give her a ride and she gets out at the cemetery. As usual she vanishes away into the air at the gates of the cemetery. There are two people they think stories match up with Mary’s. One lady’s name was Mary Bregovy and she was in a car and drove off into a ditch. The other lady was Anna Norkus she had died in a car accident leaving from the Hall where she was dancing at.


This story is one of the most popular ghost stories in Chicago. Every time it’s been told the story always seems to have the same theme. If you ever go to visit Chicago they have tours that take you around to show you where it took place. It takes you to let you see for yourself. 



Works Cited
"Resurrection Mary: Chicago's favorite ghost." Chicago Examiner (IL) 17 Aug. 2011, Chicago Paranormal Examiner: NewsBank. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.
Johnson, Raymond. "Does Resurrection Mary have a family tree? New info on Chicagoland's most beloved ghost." Chicago Examiner (IL) 3 Oct. 2009, Chicago Haunted Places Examiner: NewsBank. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.
Fadden, Edward. "Chicago's most wanted ghost: Resurrection Mary." Chicago Examiner (IL) 4 Jun. 2012, DuPage County Community Issues Examiner: NewsBank. Web. 15 Oct. 2013.
GATEHOUSE NEWS SERVICE, MIKE RAMSEY. "Ghost ride / Chicago has a hitchhiking spirit: Resurrection Mary." State Journal-Register, The (Springfield, IL) 28 Oct. 2007, CITY/STATE: 11. NewsBank. Web. 15 Oct. 2013. 

Links for Further Research:
Explains the story in-depth, tells how it came about and talks folks who have seen her


Shows images and talks about how people reported seeing a young lady locked in the gates of the cemetery.

Catacombs of Paris



Author: Kenneth Brown

“Into the 19th century those caverns and tunnels were mined for building stone. After that farmers raised mushrooms in them, at one point producing hundreds of tons a year. During World War II, French Resistance fighters—the underground—hid in some quarries; the Germans built bunkers in others. Today the tunnels are roamed by a different clandestine group, a loose and leaderless community whose members sometimes spend days and nights below the city. They're called cataphiles, people who love the Paris underground.”



Small portions of The Paris Catacombs have been open and used to and by tourists ever since the early nineteenth century because of the danger and risk of The Paris Catacombs. Lots of people have gotten mislead in the passages and died in the Underground tunnels. It has gotten so bad that now the Paris police department was created to patrol them, to make sure that people don’t go in the unwanted areas of the cave. To this day many crazy wanderers sneak down into the unmapped and unknown sections of The Catacombs of Paris to see what they can find. 



If you look carefully in some of the areas the bones are laid in different patterns. The Leg bones are stacked high in rows covered beneath the skulls. In the other chambers pieces of legs, arms, ribs, and heads are scattered all over the floor. The Catacombs Paris consists of rooms where you must walk across a sea of skeletons in order to pass through. These piles are really deep. You cannot tell how deep these piles go or how many layers of bones lie beneath your feet.

My opinion personally I would not explore the caves because it is not safe. If you think about it you could say it’s a gamble or a risk. It is also a win lose situation. People think that it’s great to explore forbidden areas but just because something looks good doesn't mean the outcome will be great itself.  In the article it says people have gotten lost from getting off the main tour route. 
It really does seem interesting though.


Work Cited Page
This Site gave me an insight of how the Catacombs of Paris were put to use.

Thursday, December 20, 2012

Mayan Prophecy: The End Is Here

Author: Jacob Robertson


It is our last year on Earth! Don’t worry about what you eat, skip that day at the gym, go buy that dream car you have always wanted! The world is going to end December 21, 2012! Well... at least according the Mayans “Long Count” Calendar it is. This calendar is a cyclic calendar, which means the calendar starts a new cycle when one has ended. For the long count calendar, this cycle was named the “Grand Cycle.” This cycle is believed to last approximately 2,880,000 days long. With the start date being on August 11, 3114 BC, that would make the final day of the cycle land on December 21, 2012. Making many believe that the end of the cycle means the end of the world as we know it (“How Does the Mayan Calendar Work?.”) 

Ancient Mayan Long Count Calendar
There are many different theories of what will happen on this date. Some believe the world would end with a terrible natural disaster. Such as a worldwide earthquake, tidal wave, or a huge volcanic eruption. Others believe that the earth will collide with a “Planet X” causing magnetic poles to shift, reverse of gravitational pulls, or our entire solar system getting sucked into a giant black hole (December 21,2012). Since the “Grand Cycle” on the long count calendar ends on December 21,2012. This is the cause of many people believing that the Mayans predicted the end of the world.


According to Dr. John Carlson, Director of the Center for Archeoastronomy at NASA, the whole entire “Prophecy” is a misconception. The Mayan calendar does not end on December 21,2012, and there were no prophecies made by the Mayans about the end of the world. The Mayans were a flourishing civilization. They mastered astrology and created their own written language. Most impressive to Carlson was their expansive sense of time. To keep track of such long intervals of time the Mayans created the “Long Count” calendar, which is the most complex calendar system ever developed. The Mayan theologist believed the world was created August 11, 3114 BC. Making the start of the calendar look like “130000.” On December 21, 2012 the Mayan calendar would read the exact same way. By Mayan scholar terminology this time period passed is 13 “Bak’tuns.” Which is significant interval in Mayan theology, but not a destructive one. He says no artifacts found of the ancient Mayan civilization have anything leading to a prophecy of the end of the world (NASA).

Some believe that this year, the world will end in horrible fashion. Others say the world will not end, that it is all a misconception of information. Which side do you believe? Will the world really end on December 21, 2012? I guess we will all have to wait until the day comes to see for ourselves. 


Work Cited: 

“Beyond 2012: Why the World Didn’t End.” NASA.com, 22 Dec. 2012. https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012.html. 

Coulter, Martin. APOCALYPSE: Weinland claims the world will end next summer, 24 June 2018. Dailystar.co.uk, https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/711536/End-of-the-world-doomsday-prophet-prophecy-biblical-bible-church.

 “December, 21 2012.” History.com, 21 Aug. 2011.https://www.history.com/topics/religion/december-21-2012.

"How Does the Mayan Calendar Work?.” Timeanddate.com. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/mayan.html. Accessed on 26 March 2019.

“Doomsday 12-21-12 Preparing for “End of The World”!!!-Mayan Calendar 2012.” YouTube, posted by Mass Tea Party-Wake Up America!, 20 Dec. 2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDyOOpDWPpI.
     
Mayans. Long Count Calendar, 11 Aug. 3114 BC. National Anthropology Museum, Mexico DF, Mayan Calendar, https://www.mayan-calendar.com/ancient_longcount.html.

Links for further research: 

Cartwright, Mark “Maya Architecture.” Ancient.eu, 20 Sep. 2015. https://www.ancient.eu/Maya_Architecture/. This web article written by history writer, Mark Cartwright, he explains the many different structures that the Mayans built, also their influences and materials they used to build. The Maya were aware of the mysterious Olmec civilization, and observed their ways especially at Teotihuacan, which was the largest, most influential, most revered city in the New World. The Mayans took this information and started creating their own unique structures. The Mayans used readily available materials to build such as limestone, sandstone, and volcanic tuff. The Mayans are most well known for their huge pyramids they built, such as Temple IV which was 65 meters high. 

“Mayan Scientific Achievements.” History.com, 17 May. 2010. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-americas/mayan-scientific-achievements. This article written by the editors of History.com, provides information about the Mayans accomplishments. The Mayans were far ahead of their time with the elaborate cities they constructed out of metals and their advanced use of the wheel. They made up a rainbow selection of glittery paints they made out of mica, a mineral that is still used to this day. They had a great understanding of astrology so much that one of their pyramids “Chichen Itza,” was oriented to the suns locations in the spring and fall equinoxes.

Oliveira, Ivo “The 2012 phenomenon: The End of The World?.” Fairobserver.com, 24 Feb. 2012. https://www.fairobserver.com/culture/2012-phenomenon-end-world/. In this web article written by Ivo Oliveira, she states all of the worldwide panic going on and the explanations of what will happen on the unavoidable date of December 21, 2012. There are some new age movements which believe the end of the Mayan long count calendar to be start of new human spiritual enlightenment, leaving behind what they call “Age of Decline.” Others have the doomsday theory. These people are sure that the winter solstice happening on that day will do something devastating to the world.