Machu Picchu

Author: Niiyonah Kitchings

The Peruvian city, Machu Picchu, was discovered 100 years ago. It was first built in 1450 and then completed in 1460. Also, Machu Picchu is a historic establishment for the Inca Emperor. It was made of heavy granite stones and it is extremely hard to cut even with today’s technology. The city of Machu Picchu is in the midst of a landscape of mountains. It was built to withstand earthquakes that would rattle the town situated on top of two fault lines. In 1911, Hiram Bingham and his fellow crew rediscovered Machu Picchu. The Incas never wanted it to be discovered though. According to skeletal remains, majority of the people who lived there were immigrants from very different backgrounds. They lacked the chemical markers they would have if they had been living there their entire lives. Instead, there was bone damage to different areas of Peru from various species of water parasites. At Machu Picchu the skeletal remains found are unique in their level of natural bone damage from laborious activities. The levels of arthritis and bone fractures differ at Machu Picchu than at the Inca Empire. Most people at Machu Picchu, their levels of arthritis and bone fractures are low. The interesting thing about this is that there the total amounts of skeletons were 135. Bingham took many archaeological findings. Among those archaeological findings there were pottery, jewelry, and human bones. Bingham believed that most of the skeletons he found was 75% females and the other 25% percent were males. 109 skeletons were from females and the last few were from males. The exposed bones do not belong to royal burials, but it is known for belonging to those living and working in the retreat of the emperor at the time when Machu Picchu was abandoned. The abandonment of Machu Picchu was in 1572. Unfortunately, their line of rulers came to an end.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/machu-picchu-mystery/

According to the National Geographic, it states, “Machu Picchu is a testament to the power and ingenuity of the Inca empire. Built without the use of mortar, metal tools, or the wheel, Machu Picchu stands as an archaeological wonder of the ancient world” and I find it very interesting that no mortar was used in order to make it steady.

Works Cited:

Rehfeld, Silvan. Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu (Peru). 4 April 2009. UNESCO, https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/120275. Accessed on 25 Oct. 2019.

Hearn, Kelly, and Jason Golomb. Machu Picchu 101. National Geography Society, 1996. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/archaeology/machu-picchu-mystery/

Machu Picchu: The Geological Landscape. 13 Jun. 2016. https://www.geopostings.com/tag/machu-picchu-geology/

Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. World Heritage Centre, 1992-2019. UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=274

Eisenberg, Daniel. Machu Picchu and Cuzo. Journal of Hispanic Philology, 1989. https://web.archive.org/web/20140224185451/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/JHPcolumn/MACHUPIC.htm

Links for further research:
https://www.geopostings.com/tag/machu-picchu-geology/
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/274/
https://web.archive.org/web/20140224185451/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/JHPcolumn/MACHUPIC.htm

Machu Picchu Secrets Exposed
https://www.quasarex.com/blog/machu-picchu-secrets 
In the article, Machu Picchu Secrets Exposed by Paul Schicke, it discusses the many secrets that Machu Picchu have that no one would ever imagine.

The Mysterious Stones of Death Valley

Author: Ashley Hines

In Life we often come across certain things that are not deemed to be logical or broken down to a science. Some things have to accepted for what they are.

The mysterious stones of Death Valley have raised many suspicions as to what might have caused these rocks to move. There have been many theories and absurd explanations about how the rocks move about without any physical assistance from animals or humans. Although no one has actually seen the stones move, there have been speculations that an alien life form used magnetic pull to move the rocks. The tracks left by these stones led to those suspicions.

From Hitfull.com

The picture above shows the tracks left behind by the moving rocks. The tracks can range in length from anywhere between 2.54 cm deep to 3-12 inches wide, with hundreds of feet in length.  The reason the rocks have never been seen moving is because it take the stones 2 to 3 years to slide. As shown in the picture two rocks may slide parallel to the other but over time will change directions. Some stones however, will turn over an with a different side being a different texture, the tracks will not be the same.

 DEATH VALLEY is a desert valley in California that is 240ft below sea level and is a 20 degree drop in temperature. The drop in temperature has scientists inferring that may be what caused the rocks to move.

Though many scientists have conducted experiments to test this theory, their end results have proven to be inconclusive.

       

Works Cited

  www.yellowecho.com/travel/deathvalley.htm

   www.buzzle.com/articles/sailing-stones-of-death-valley.html    

           

Hollow Earth Theory

Author: Fedora C. Nwachukwu

 What comes to your mind when you hear (or see) the words, ‘Hollow Earth Theory?’ Most likely you think of some kind of space in the middle of the Earth. Well, the hollow Earth theory is a 17^th century scientific theory that the Earth has cavities or spaces in it, and life could possibly exist in those spaces. From my research, I found this theory to be quite controversial and considered a pseudoscience. There are two major variations to the hollow Earth theory. According to David Standish in his book, “Hollow Earth: The Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizations, and Marvelous Machines Below the Earth Surface,” some people believe, the Earth is hollow and at certain points, we can go inside the Earth and find an advanced civilization, while others believe, we are all living inside the hollow Earth, the Earth’s surface is concave and instead of looking out to the heavens, we are looking towards the center of the Earth. That is, the planetary bodies all fit into the Earth. However, you might be wondering, ‘how did the idea of a hollow Earth originate and who first thought of it?’

The idea of a hollow Earth first started with Sir Edmond Halley. A natural philosopher, and royal astronomer in Britain, who lived from 1656 to 1742. He is mostly remembered for the comet named after him, Halley's Comet. He was the one who discovered that comets have long elliptical orbits. In 1691 he proposed to the British society, an idea that the Earth might be hollow with three concentric smaller spheres each turning within the other. He also suggested, there might be life inside the Earth. But, how did Halley come to this conclusion?

Halley's Hollow Earth

Halley studied a lot of different scientific things, and the Earth’s magnetic field was one of them. After he studied some anomalies or magnetic variations at the Earth’s poles, he attributed it to the spheres inside the Earth, saying that each sphere had its own magnetic field independent of the other. Also when the Aurora Borealis , occurred in 1716, Halley attributed it to luminous gases escaping from the hollow Earth. Was Halley the only one to think that our Earth was hollow?

No, Halley wasn’t the only one to come up with the idea of a hollow Earth. John Cleves Symmes, an ex-soldier that took on reading and studying science was another person who thought the Earth was hollow. Symmes suggested, the Earth was not only hollow but there are vast openings at each pole through which we could pass through to get to this hollow Earth. He was convinced that inside the Earth was an unspoiled paradise. As at that time, nobody had been to the poles, but Symmes’ idea sparked enough interest for Americans to spend public money on sending an expedition. Off course, these expeditions failed to find any holes at the poles; there was no scenic paradise or long lost advanced civilization. Would the lack of proof make the idea of a hollow Earth go away?

The Hollow Earth theory didn’t die out. Cyrus Reed Teed was another scientist who believed in the hollow Earth theory. He most likely is the oddest, and in my opinion the most foolish of them all. He was a scientist and a doctor, he had attended a not-so-recognized medical school, and one night while he was working in his lab with electricity, he claims he was visited by God. David Standish wrote in his book, ‘Hollow Earth…’ that Cyrus claims God came to him in the form of a very beautiful woman and told him, we as humans live inside a concave earth, and what we see is an optical illusion. 

Cyrus Teed’s Model of the Hollow Earth

 Believing that he was the second Messiah, he changed his name to Koresh, the Hebrew translation for Cyrus, and soon he founded his own religion called Koreshanity. The Koreshans lived in a secluded community and tried to prove the earth was concave instead of convex with some experiments. Needless to say, they lacked sufficient proof. Some people think that Cyrus might just have been electrocuted while he was working in his lab and instead of dying he saw a mind generated vision of God. What about today does the idea of a hollow Earth still exist?

Even today, many people still believe that there is a secret world right under our feet. Some believe that Hitler was a hollow earth believer and instead of dying in that bunker in 1945, he escaped with a few believers to the hollow Earth and he is still there now basking under an anti-aging machine, plotting his revenge. Although the idea of a hollow earth is not physically possible it’s still a cool idea.  Hollow Earth theories sure have made some good stories even if they are not good science. It doesn’t matter if some of the story is made up and not really based on science. If it gets people thinking about the universe in which we live, and seeking more information, then it has done something more than just entertain us.

Works Cited:

Fitting, Peter. Subterranean Worlds: A Critical Anthology. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 2004. Print.

Foot, Richard. “Trip Proposed to Centre of Earth via Arctic Hole; HOLLOW PLANET THEORY; U.S. Scientist, Believers to Sail on Icebreaker.” National Post [Canada] National Edition, NEWS; Pg. A2. 30 May 2007. Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe. Web. 14 Oct. 2012.

Journey to the Center of the Earth. Dir. Eric Brevig. Prod. Charlotte H. Beau Flynn. Perf. Brendan Fraser, Josh Hutcherson and Anita Briem. Warner Home Video, 2008. DVD.

Simanek, Donald. “Halley's Hollow Earth From his 1681 paper.” Photograph. lhup.edu. N.p. 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/hollow/morrow.htm

Standish, David. Hollow Earth: The Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizations, and Marvelous Machines below the Earth's Surface. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2007. Print.

Warren, Michael. "Koreshan State Historic Site: 'The Ghosts of Florida's New Jerusalem'" Florida Traveler. N.p., 20 Jan. 2009. Web. 19 Oct. 2012.

Warren, Michael. “Hollow Earth Globe at the Koreshan Unity.” Photograph. floridatraveler.com. N.p. 20 Jan. 2009. Web. 19 Oct. 2012

Wigston, Nancy. "A World Apart; Restored Complex of Koreshan Unity Cult Tells the Tale of a Universe Turned Inside-out." Www.lexisnexis.com.library.usca.edu. Reed Elsevier Inc, 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2012.

Links for further research:

Florida Traveler                                                                                          http://floridatraveler.com/koreshan-state-park/                                                                           
 Some information about the ‘Koreshan State Historic Site’ in Florida. It gives some background information on the hollow Earth theory.

Lock Haven University                                           
http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/hollow/morrow.htm                                                                      
Article with detailed information and pictures about the hollow Earth theory. Provides lots of information about various scientist that believed and supported this theory

The Hollow World of Edmond Halley                                                          http://www.dioi.org/kn/halleyhollow.htm
Focuses on the life of Sir Edmond Halley, including his contribution to the Hollow Earth Theory.